This book covers liquid pipeline hydraulics as it applies to transportation of
liquids through pipelines in a single phase steady state environment. It will
serve as a practical handbook for engineers, technicians and others involved in
design and operation of pipelines transporting liquids. Currently, existing
books on the subject are mathematically rigorous, theoretical and lack practical
applications. Using this book, engineers can better understand and apply the
principles of hydraulics to their daily work in the pipeline industry without
resorting to complicated formulas and theorems. Numerous examples from the
author's real life experience are included to illustrate application of pipeline
hydraulics.
The application of hydraulics to liquid pipelines involve
understanding of various properties of liquids, concept of pressure, friction
and calculation of the energy required to transport liquid from point A to point
B through a pipeline. You will not find rigorous mathematical derivation of
formulas in this book. The formulas necessary for calculations are presented and
described without using calculus or complex mathematical methods. If the reader
is interested in how the formulas and equations are derived he should refer to
any of the books and publications listed under the Reference section toward the
end of this book.
This book covers liquid properties that affect flow
through pipelines, calculation of pressure drop due to friction, horsepower
required and the number of pump stations required for transporting a liquid
through a pipeline. Topics covered include - basic equations necessary for
pipeline design, commonly used formulas to calculate frictional pressure drop
and necessary horsepower, the feasibility of improving an existing pipeline
performance using drag reduction additives and power optimization studies. The
use of pumps and valves in pipelines are addressed along with modifications
necessary to improve pipeline throughput. Economic analysis and transportation
tariff calculations are also included. This book can be used for the analysis of
both liquid pipeline gathering systems, plant or terminal piping as well as long
distance trunk lines. The primary audience for the book is engineers and
technicians working in the petroleum, water and process industry. This book
could also be used as a text book for a college level course in liquid pipeline
hydraulics.
Table of Contents
1.Introduction
2.Properties of Liquids
2.1 Units of Measurement
2.2 Mass, Volume, Density and Specific Weight
2.3 Specific gravity and API gravity
2.4 Viscosity
2.5 Vapor Pressure
2.6 Bulk Modulus
2.7 Fundamental Concepts of Fluid Flow
2.8 Summary
2.9 Problems
3.Pressure Drop due to Friction
3.1 Pressure
3.2 Velocity
3.3 Reynold’s number
3.4 Flow Regimes
3.5 Friction factor
3.6 Pressure Drop Due to Friction
3.7 Colebrook-White Equation
3.8 Hazen-Williams Equation
3.9 Shell-MIT Equation
3.10 Miller Equation
3.11 T.R.Aude Equation
3.12 Minor Losses
3.13 Internally Coated Pipes and Drag Reduction
3.14 Summary
3.15 Problems
4.Pipe Analysis
4.1 Allowable Operating Pressure and Hydrostatic Test
4.2 Barlow’s Equation for Internal Pressure
4.3 Line Fill Volume and Batches
4.4 Summary
4.5 Problems
5.Pressure and Horsepower Required
5.1 Total Pressure Required
5.2 Hydraulic Pressure Gradient
5.3 Series Piping
5.4 Parallel Piping
5.5 Transporting High Vapor Pressure Liquids
5.6 Horsepower Required
5.7 Effect of Gravity and Viscosity
5.8 System Head Curves
5.9 Injections and Deliveries
5.10 Pipe Branches
5.11 Pipe Loops
5.12 Summary
5.13 Problems
6.Multi-Pump Station Pipelines
6.1 Hydraulic balance and pump stations required
6.2 Telescoping pipe wall thickness
6.3 Change of Pipe Grade - Grade Tapering
6.4 Slack line and open channel flow
6.5 Batching different liquids
6.6 Summary
6.7 Problems
7.Pump Analysis
7.1Centrifugal Pumps versus Reciprocating Pumps
7.2 Pump Head versus Flow Rate
7.3 Pump Efficiency versus Flow Rate
7.4 BHP versus Flow Rate
7.5 NPSH versus Flow Rate
7.6 Specific Speed
7.7 Affinity Laws - Variation with Impeller Speed and Diameter
7.8 Effect of Specific Gravity and Viscosity on Pump Performance
7.9 Pump Curve Analysis
7.10 Pump Head Curve versus System Head Curve
7.11 Multiple Pumps versus System Head Curve
7.12 NPSH Required versus NPSH Available
7.13 Summary
7.14 Problems
8.Pump Station Design
8.1 Suction Pressure and Discharge Pressure
8.2 Control Pressure and Throttle Pressure
8.3 Variable Speed Pumps
8.4 Summary
8.5 Problems
9.Thermal Hydraulics
9.1 Temperature Dependent Flow
9.2 Formulas for Thermal Hydraulics
9.3 Summary
9.4 Problems
10.Flow Measurement
10.1 History
10.2 Flow Meters
10.3 Venturi Meter
10.4 Flow Nozzle
10.5 Orifice Meter
10.6 Turbine Meter
10.7 Positive Displacement Meter
10.8 Summary
10.9 Problems
11.Unsteady Flow in Pipelines
11.1 Steady versus Unsteady Flow
11.2 Transient Flow due to Valve Closure
11.3 Wave Speed in Pipeline
11.4 Transients in Cross-country Pipelines
11.5 Summary
11.6 Problems
12.Pipeline Economics
12.1 Economic Analysis
12.2 Capital Costs
12.3 Operating Costs
12.4 Feasibility Studies and Economic Pipe Size
12.5 Summary
12.6 Problems
Appendix A - Tables and Charts
Appendix B - Answers to selected problems
Appendix C - Summary Of Formulas
References
Index
